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D-Day
D-Day
This section of the World War II History info guide is devoted to "Operation Overlord," the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe that began on D-Day -- June 6, 1944 -- on the beaches of Normandy, France.
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American soldiers landing on the coast of France on D-Day.
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D-Day Introduction
June 1944 was a major turning point of World War II, particularly in Europe. Although the initiative had been seized from the Germans some months before, so far the western Allies had been unable to mass sufficient men and material to risk an attack in northern Europe.
By mid-1944 early mobilization of manpower and resources in America was beginning to pay off. Millions of American men had been trained, equipped, and welded into fighting and service units. American industrial production had reached its wartime peak late in 1943. While there were still critical shortages -- in landing craft, for instance -- production problems were largely solved, and the Battle of the Atlantic had been won. Ever increasing streams of supplies from the United States were reaching anti-Axis fighting forces throughout the world.
By the beginning of June 1944, the United States and Great Britain had accumulated in the British Isles the largest number of men and the greatest amount of materiel ever assembled to launch and sustain an amphibious attack. Strategic bombing of Germany was reaching its peak. In May 1943, the Combined Chiefs of Staff had given high priority to a Combined Bomber Offensive to be waged by the Royal Air Force and the U.S. Army Air Forces. By late summer 1943, Allied bombers were conducting round-the-clock bombardment of German industry and communications. In general, British planes bombed by night and American planes bombed by day. Whereas an air raid by 200 planes had been considered large in June 1943, the average strike a year later was undertaken by 1,000 heavy bombers.
After considerable study strategists determined to make the cross-channel attack on the beaches of Normandy east of the Cherbourg Peninsula. Early objectives of the operation were the deep-water ports at Cherbourg and at Brest in Brittany.
Three months before D-Day, a strategic air campaign was inaugurated to pave the way for invasion by restricting the enemy's ability to shift reserves. French and Belgian railways were crippled, bridges demolished in northwestern France, and enemy airfields within a 130-mile radius of the landing beaches put under heavy attack. Special attention was given to isolating the part of northwestern France bounded roughly by the Seine and Loire Rivers. The Allies also put into effect a deception plan to lead the Germans to believe that landings would take place farther north along the Pas de Calais.
Opposed to the Allies was the so-called Army Group B of the German Army, consisting of the Seventh Army in Normandy and Brittany, the Fifteenth Army in the Pas de Calais and Flanders, and the LXXXVIII Corps in Holland -- all under command of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. Commander of all German forces in western Europe was Field Marshal von Rundstedt who, in addition to Group B, also had at his disposal Group G composed of the First and Nineteenth Armies. In all, Von Rundstedt commanded approximately fifty infantry and ten Panzer divisions in France and the Low Countries.
Despite unfavorable weather forecasts, General Eisenhower made the decision to attack on June 6, 1944. At 0200 that morning one British and two American airborne divisions were dropped behind the beaches in order to secure routes of egress from the beaches for the seaborne forces. After an intensive air and naval bombardment, assault waves of troops began landing at 0630. More than 5,000 ships and 4,000 ship-to-shore craft were employed in the landings. British forces on the left flank and U.S. forces on the right had comparatively easy going, but U.S. forces in the center (Omaha Beach) met determined opposition. Nevertheless, by nightfall of the first day, large contingents of three British, one Canadian, and three American infantry divisions, plus three airborne divisions, had a firm foothold on Hitler's "fortress Europe."
[Note: The primary source for this text is the U.S. Army Center for Military History.]
D-Day Features
The Bedford Boys' Ultimate Sacrifice on D-Day
Nineteen boys from one small American town — Bedford, Virginia — died in the first minutes of D-Day. In the new book "The Bedford Boys," Alex Kershaw tells the story that inspired the movie "Saving Private Ryan." This is an engaging excerpt.
The First Infantry Division on D-Day
Here is the story of the famous Big Red One on D-Day: how they got to Omaha Beach, and how they were tested there.
Afternoon on Omaha Beach
This is an e-text adapted from a section of Stephen E. Ambrose's book "D-Day: June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II." In this section, veterans -- and Ernest Hemingway -- recount their personal stories of the afternoon on Omaha Beach. Ambrose also discusses his view of Hitler's D-Day mistakes and what Eisenhower did right.
Pointe-Du-Hoc
Point-Du-Hoc looks down on Utah Beach on one side and Omaha Beach on the other. In this selection from "The Victors," Stephen Ambrose recounts how Rangers were able to scale the 100-meter-high cliff at Pointe-Du-Hoc and knock out the German's deadly 155mm cannons.
Expanding the Beachhead
In this selection from "Citizen Soldiers," Ambrose reports on the critical days after D-Day -- June 7 to June 30 -- when the Allies fought to expand their beachhead one foot at a time.
What's the 'D' in D-Day stand for?
The short answer: nothing.
Heroes of D-Day
Fascinating, inspiring stories and details about the American heroes of D-Day who were recognized with the Congressional Medal of Honor.
D-Day Links
National D-Day Museum, founded by Stephen Ambrose.
D-Day -- The Cross-Channel Attack: A very brief introduction to the context of the Normany invasion.
Eisenhower's final order: A detailed, readable scan of the hand-written order from General Eisenhower for the
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