History of Suriname

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 A plantation in Suriname by Dirk Valkenburg (1707?)

 

 Plantations in Suriname around 1800. The history of Suriname dates from 3000 BC when Native Americans first inhabited the area. Present-day Suriname was the home to many distinct indigenous cultures. The largest tribes were the Arawaks, a nomadic coastal tribe that lived from hunting and fishing, and the Caribs. The Arawaks were the first inhabitants of Suriname; later, the Caribs arrived, and conquered the Arawaks using their sailing ships.[1][2] They settled in Galibi (Kupali Yumï, meaning "tree of the forefathers") on the mouth of the Marowijne river. While the larger Arawak and Carib tribes lived off the coast and savanna, smaller groups of indigenous peoples lived in the rainforest inland, such as the Akurio, Trió, Warrau, and Wayana.

 

Contents   [hide] 1 Dutch colonization 1.1 Slavery and emancipation 1.2 Twentieth century

2 Decolonization 3 Independence 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links

Dutch colonization[edit]

Main article: Surinam (Dutch colony)

 

 Coastline of the Guianas The first Europeans who came to Suriname were Dutch traders who visited the area along with other parts of the South America's 'Wild Coast.' The first attempts to settle the area by Europeans was in 1630, when English settlers led by Captain Marshall attempted to found a colony.[3] They cultivated crops of tobacco, but the venture failed financially.

In 1650 Lord Willoughby, the governor of Barbados, furnished out a vessel to settle a colony in Surinam. At his own cost he equipped a ship of 20 guns, and two smaller vessels with things necessary for the support of the plantation.[4] Major Anthony Rowse settled there in his name. Two years later, for the better settling of the colony, he went in person, fortified and furnished it with things requisite for defence and trade. 'Willoughbyland' consisted of around 30,000 acres (120 km2) and a fort. In 1663 most of the work on the ca. 50 plantations was done by native Indians and 3,000 African slaves.[5] There were around 1,000 whites there, joined by Brazilian Jews, attracted by religious freedom which was granted to all the settlers by the English.

The settlement was invaded by seven Dutch ships (from the Zeeland region), led by Abraham Crijnssen, on 26 February 1667. Fort Willoughby was captured the next day after a three-hour fight[6] and renamed Fort Zeelandia. On 31 July 1667, the English and Dutch signed the Treaty of Breda, in which for the time being the status quo was respected: the Dutch could keep occupying Suriname and the British the formerly Dutch colony New Amsterdam (modern-day New York). Willoughbyland was renamed Suriname. This arrangement was made official in the Treaty of Westminster of 1674, after the British had regained and again lost Suriname in 1667 and the Dutch regained the colony in 1668. In 1683 the Society of Suriname was set up, modelled on the ideas of Jean-Baptiste Colbert to profit from the management and defence of the Dutch Republic's colony. It had three participants, with equal shares in the society's responsibilities and profits—the city of Amsterdam, the family Van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck, and the Dutch West India Company. The Van Aerssen family only managed to sell its share in 1770. The Society came to an end in 1795 when this kind of trade and business was no longer seen as acceptable.

Slavery and emancipation[edit]

 

 Funeral at slave plantation, Suriname. Colored lithograph printed circa 1840-1850, digitally restored.

 

 Maroon village, Suriname River, 1955 In South America, slavery was the norm. The native people proved to be in limited supply and consequently people from Africa were imported as slaves to work on the plantations. The plantations were producing sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton which were exported for the Amsterdam market. In 1713 for instance most of the work on the 200 plantations was done by 13,000 African slaves. Their treatment was bad, and slaves periodically escaped to the jungle from the start.[7][8] These Maroons (also known as "Djukas" or "Bakabusi Nengre") attacked the plantations in order to acquire goods that were in short supply and to acquire women. Notable leaders of the Surinam Maroons were Alabi, Boni, Joli-coeur and Broos (Captain Broos). In the 18th century, three of the Maroon people signed a peace treaty, similar to the peace treaty in Jamaica whereby these people were recognised as free people and where they received a yearly tribute that provided them with the goods they used to "liberate" from the plantations. A contemporary description of the war between the Maroons and the plantation owners in Suriname can be found in Narrative of a Five Years Expedition Against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam by John Gabriel Stedman.

Suriname was occupied by the British in 1799, after the Netherlands were incorporated by France, and was returned to the Dutch in 1816, after the defeat of Napoleon. The Dutch abolished slavery only in 1863, although the British had already abolished it during their short rule. The slaves were, however, not released until 1873; up to that date they conducted obligatory but paid work at the plantations. In the meantime, many more workers had been imported from the Dutch East Indies, mostly Chinese inhabitants of that colony. After 1873, many Indian laborers were imported from India. This emigration was ended by Mohandas Gandhi in 1916. After that date, many laborers were again imported from the Dutch East Indies, especially Java.

Twentieth century[edit]

In the 20th century, the natural resources of Suriname, rubber, gold and bauxite, were exploited. The US company Alcoa had a claim on a large area in Suriname where bauxite, from which aluminum can be made, was found. Given that the peace treaties with the Maroon people granted them title to the lands, there have been international court cases that negated the right of the Surinam government to grant these claims.[clarification needed] On November 23, 1941, under an agreement with the Netherlands government-in-exile, the United States occupied Dutch Guiana to protect the bauxite mines.[9]

Decolonization[edit]

See also: Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)

In 1945, the first full election was held, with the Netherlands providing aid in health matters.

In 1954, Suriname gained self-government, with the Netherlands retaining control of defence and foreign affairs.

Independence[edit]

See also: Suriname

In 1973 the Dutch government started negotiations with the local government, led by the NPK (a largely Creole party) about independence, which was granted on November 25, 1975. The Dutch instituted an aid programme worth US$1.5 billion to last till 1985. The first President of the country was Johan Ferrier, with Henck Arron (leader of the Surinam National Party) as Prime Minister. Roughly a third of the population emigrated to the Netherlands, fearing that the new country would not be able to survive.

In 1980, the government of Henck Arron was overthrown in a military coup led by Sergeant-Major Desi Bouterse. President Ferrier refused to recognise the new government, appointing Henk Chin A Sen (of the Nationalist Republican Party). Another coup followed five months later, with the army replacing Ferrier with Chin A Sen. These developments were largely welcomed by a population that expected the new army-installed government to put an end to corruption and improve the standard of living. This was despite the fact that the new regime banned opposition parties and became increasingly dictatorial. The Dutch initially accepted the new government; however, relations between Suriname and the Netherlands collapsed when 15 members of the political opposition were killed by the army on December 8, 1982, in Fort Zeelandia. This event is also known as the December killings (Decembermoorden in Dutch). The Dutch and Americans cut off their aid in protest at the move.

In 1985, the ban on opposition parties was lifted, and work began on devising a new constitution. The following year saw the start of an anti-government rebellion of the Maroons in the interior, calling themselves the Jungle Commando and led by Ronnie Brunswijk. The Bouterse government violently tried to suppress the insurgency by burning villages and other similar means. Many Maroons fled to French Guiana. Then to New Amsterdam

See also[edit] British colonization of the Americas Dutch colonization of the Americas French colonization of the Americas History of the Americas History of South America History of the Caribbean List of colonial heads of Suriname (Netherlands Guiana) List of Presidents of Suriname List of Prime Ministers of Suriname Politics of Suriname Spanish colonization of the Americas

References[edit]

1.Jump up ^ Romero-Figueroa, Andrés. Basic Word Order and Sentence Types in Kari'ña. Meunchen: Lincom Europa 2000 2.Jump up ^ Carlin, Eithne and Boven, Karen (2002). The native population: Migrations and identities. In: Atlas of the languages of Suriname, Eithne Carlin and Jacques Arends (Eds.) Leiden: KITLV Press 3.Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of ARTS, SCIENCES, and General LITERATURE, Volume XI (Ninth Edition—Popular Reprint In 1614 the states of Holland granted to any Dutch citizen a four years' monopoly of any harbour or place of commerce which he might discover in that region (Guiana). The first settlement, however, in Suriname (in 1630) was made by an Englishman, whose name is still preserved by Marshal's Creek. ed.). Retrieved 2008-05-04. 4.Jump up ^ http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=76434&strquery=Francis%20Willoughby%201651%20Surinam 5.Jump up ^ George Warren (1667) An impartial description of Surinam. 6.Jump up ^ http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=76508&strquery=William%20Byam 7.Jump up ^ The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname by Wim S.M. Hoogbergen 8.Jump up ^ Stedman, John Gabriel (1962) The Journal of John Gabriel Stedman, 1744-1797, soldier and author, including an authentic account of his expedition to Surinam in 1772 Mitre Press, London, OCLC 924217 9.Jump up ^ World War II Timeline

Further reading[edit] Kurlansky, Mark. 1992. A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny. Addison-Wesley Publishing. ISBN 0-201-52396-5. Hoefte, Rosemarijn and Peter Meel (eds.), Twentieth Century Suriname. Continuities and Discontinuities in a New World Society, Leiden 2001, KITLV National Review Online Secrets of Suriname: Another Reagan-administration Cold War success story

External links[edit] U.S. State Department Background Note: Suriname History of Suriname "Guyana, or, the Kingdom of the Amazons" is a map from the 1600s of what is now known as Suriname

 

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The island of Curaçao was first settled by the Arawaks, an Amerindian people native to the area. They are believed to have inhabited the island for many hundreds of years before the arrival of Europeans.   European presence began around the year 1500, when groups were sent out to extensively map the borders of South America and the surrounding islands. Spanish interest quickly waned, however, as they discovered that there was no gold on the island and farming was difficult because of a lack of fresh water.   By 1634, the government-backed Dutch West India Company had claimed Curaçao for its own and had begun to settle the island in earnest. Plantations were erected, and farmers began growing corn and peanuts in addition to native fruits. The saltwater ponds that prevented irrigation would soon prove themselves invaluable, as the economy of the island shifted to salt mining and international export. But saline ponds were not the only advantageous geographical features to be found here. The deep water and natural barriers surrounding the island’s ports made them popular with Caribbean traders. The capital city of Willemstad became particularly well-known, as it played host to merchant ships under every flag imaginable.   The Sephardic Jews who arrived from the Netherlands and then-Dutch Brazil since the 17th century have had a significant influence on the culture and economy of the island. Curaçao is home to the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The Jewish Community of Curaçao also played a key role in supporting early Jewish congregations in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries. The years before and after World War II also saw an influx of Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe, many of whom were Romanian Jews.   For much of the 17th and 18th centuries, the primary business of the island was the slave trade. Slaves arrived often from Africa and were bought and sold on the docks in Willemstad before continuing on to their ultimate destination. The slaves that remained on the island were responsible for working the plantations established earlier. This influx of inexpensive manpower made the labor-intensive agricultural sector far more profitable and between the Netherlands and China the trading done on the docks and the work being done in the fields, the economic profile of Curaçao began to climb, this time built on the backs of the slaves. When the institution was abolished in 1863, the island’s economy was severely crippled.  

 

In June 8, 1929, the Venezuelan revolutionaries Gustavo Machado y Rafael Simón Urbina captured the Waterfort and several other strategic buildings in Willemstad along with the governor and the military commander of the island. Machado and Urbina negotiated a ship and a small arsenal with which they invaded Venezuela to fight the dictator Juan Vicente Gómez The defeat of the Dutch in the Napoleanic Wars caused Curaçao to be conquered by the British Empire from 1800 to 1803, and again from 1807 to 1816,[1] after which it was handed back to the Dutch due to the Treaty of Paris.   When oil was discovered in 1920, a new chapter began in the history of Curaçao. Suddenly wealthy, the country experienced a large number of people immigrating from South America and other countries in the Caribbean. This added new life to the cultural composition of the island, an aspect which has only enhanced the local tourism industry.   In 1929, a troop of Venezuelan rebels seized the Waterfort in Willemstad.[2][3]   [edit] Notes   1.^ http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/curacao.htm  2.^ http://www.gowealthy.com/gowealthy/wcms/en/home/articles/travel/sightseeing/Forts-in-Curacao-XnhcaRlwxh.html  3.^ http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html   [edit] External references  Hartog, J (1967). Curaçao: A Short History. De Wit.  The Ashkenazi Jews of Curacao  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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J. Hartog Bonaire, van indianen tot toeristen. Aruba 1957 Het leven van Pedro Luis Brion. Aruba 1968

Pater R.H.Nooyen o.p. Cornelis Marten i cien anja di Bonaire. 1959 Isla di Papa Cornes. Bonaire 1985 Het volk van de grote Manaure, Curaçao 1979 Su estudio di Papa Cornes ta konsiderá komo dokumento outéntiko pa motibo ku tur e dokumento original di Iglesia Katóliko a kima riba 30 di mei 1969.

Bòi Antoin Pueblo di Kunuku Bieu; Fundashon Históriko Kultural Boneriano 1998 Tur dia Bòi Antoin ta publiká den korant Extra algu di historia di Bonaire, interpretashon di J. Hartog, pater Nooyen i hopi estudio mas. Tur siman ta entrevistá un persona den programa di televishon yamá Herensia. Aparte di ta skirbi Boi Antoin ta manehá un Fundashon pa estudio di Historia di Bonaire.

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Jay B.Haviser The first Bonaireans. 1991 Un enkuesta akiden ta mustra e sentimentu di hopi hende na Bonaire di ta prosedente di desendensia indjan.

Luc Alofs Slaven zonder plantage. 1996, Aruba

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Layo de Palm E lantamentu di 1795. Datos oral. Curacao 1995

Anne Stamm Geschiedenis van Prekoloniaal Afrika. FACTA-Reeks. 1997 Situashon na e partinan di Afrika (Senegal, Benin, Angola, Congo) kaminda a kumpra e katibunan na aña 1700.

Hans Bicker Historia di famia Domacasse di Boneiru. Curaçao 2003 Stamboom di famia Domacasse.

Norbert Hendrikse Hollands glorie in de kolonien. Curaçao, 2006 in press

Henk en Els Langefeld En den Plantagie Welgelegen (1732-heden). Curaçao Architectuurhistorisch onderzoek

Gerard van Buurt en Sidney Joubert Stemmen uit het verleden. Curaçao Palabranan den idioma Papiamentu di orígen Indjan.

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Franco Monti African masks E maska den maskarada, tradishon di Bonaire, ta parse esún di Jamaica mas ku esún deskribí den e buki aki

Efraim Frank Martinus The kiss of a slave. Proefschrift 1996 promé ku e barkunan sali for di Afrika, tur e katibunan ta wordu batisa

Miep Diekmann Marijn bij de Lorredraaiers. zesde druk 1981 Ora e barkunan ta distansiá for di kosta di Afrika, laman ta bira korá di sanger di esnan ku a keda tras (forti Elmina).

Joseph M.Murphy African spirits in America. Boston 1993 Studies of Yoruba religion and Santeria

Antoine J. Maduro Palenkero i papiamentu, 1987 Den su glosario tin palabranan palenkero, spañó i papiamentu. Un tipo di papiamentu, e abla palenkero di San Basilio, ku ta keda na un distansha di 70 km for di Cartagena, Colombia. Tin komo base idioma spañó i léksiko di vernákulonan bantu, lenga afrikano.

H. van Capelle Mythen en sagen uit West-Indie. Zutphen 1926 Kuentanan di Kompa Nansi, mitología di Indjan i di orígen afrikano.

Mineke Schipper Afrikaanse Letterkunde. 1990

W.J.H.Baart Cuentanan di Nanzi. Proefschrift 1983 Na mi opinion, tur kuenta di Nansi a yega nos isla prosedente di otro país, Surnam, Jamaika i no via nos katibunan. Den buki di Anna Stamm, te na 1700 e reinado di Ashanti ta kuminsá.

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Jos Gansemans Volksmuziekinstrumenten, getuigen en resultaat van een interetnische samenleving. Belgie 1989. Aki den tin e pensamentu (eróneo?) ku tur nos mùsika i instrumentunan musikal ta di orígen afrikano.

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